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• Differential of Breast Calcifications

  Ductal carcinoma-in-situ (DCIS) represents 25-30% of all reported breast cancers. Approximately 95% of all DCIS is diagnosed because of mammographically detected microcalcifications. In this review we will focus on:Description of breast calcifications Differential diagnosis BIRADS classification

• Dementia - Role of MRI

  This presentation will focus on the role of MRI in the diagnosis of dementia and related diseases. We will discuss the following subjects:Systematic assessment of MR in dementiaMR protocol for dementiaTypical findings in the most common dementia syndromes Alzheimer's disease (AD)Vascular Dementia (VaD)Frontotemporal lobe dementia (FTLD)Short overview of...

• Guidelines for authors

  The Radiology Assistant presents peer-reviewed up-to-date articles and cases on common problems in daily radiology practice for radiology residents and general radiologists.Authors who wish to submit a manuscript should first contact the editor to find out if the subject is suited for 'the Radiology Assistant'.

• Cystic Abdominal Masses in Children

  Cystic masses in the abdomen of a child are common. Many of these are discovered with prenatal ultrasound. Others are detected when a child has abdominal complaints and imaging is performed. The cyst is either the cause of the complaints or an incidental finding. In this pictorial essay we will show the most common abdominal cystic masses in...

• Ankle fractures - Weber and Lauge-Hansen Classification

  Classification of ankle fractures is important in order to estimate the extent of the injury and the stability of the joint. The Weber classification focuses on the integrity of the fibula and the syndesmosis, which holds the ankle mortise together. The Lauge-Hansen system focuses on the trauma mechanism. Adding the stages of Lauge-Hansen to the Weber...

• Neck Masses in Children

  A mass in the neck is a common finding in children.In this article we present a pictorial essay of neck masses in children and provide a diagnostic approach based on the location of the lesion and whether it is cystic or solid.Ultrasound is the imaging method of choice and in many cases a definite diagnosis is possible, especially if the lesion is...

• Lumbar Disc Nomenclature 2.0

  This is an updated version largely based on the recommendations of the combined task forces of the North American Spine Society, the American Society of Spine Radiology and the American Society of Neuroradiology in 2014 (1)

• Neck Masses in Children.

  A mass in the neck is a common finding in children.In this article we present a pictorial essay of neck masses in children and provide a diagnostic approach based on the location of the lesion and whether it is cystic or solid.Ultrasound is the imaging method of choice and in many cases a definite diagnosis is possible, especially if the lesion is...

• Ovarian cystic lesions.

  In this review the imaging features of normal ovaries and the most common ovarian cystic masses are presented. In Ovarian Cystic Masses Part I a roadmap for the diagnostic workup and management of ovarian cystic masses is presented based on the findings of ultrasound and MRI. Images can be enlarged by clicking on them. On the iPhone application...

• Carpal instability

  This article is based on a presentation given by Louis Gilula and adapted for the Radiology Assistant by Ileana Chesaru. First a systematic analysis of the wrist is presented to look for carpal instability and fracture dislocation. Secondly cases are presented as examples in the chapter systematic review and diagnosis.

• Lines and tubes in Neonates

  In this review we will discuss the normal and abnormal position of tubes and lines on a neonatal chest x-ray.

• Closed Loop in Small bowel obstruction

  This article is based on a presentation given by Jay Heiken in 2006 and adapted for the Radiology Assistant by Robin Smithuis. In 2012 an updated version was presented. Jay Heiken is professor of radiology at the Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology of the Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis. He has a special interest in...

• Vascular territories of the Brain

  Knowledge of the vascular territories is important, because it enables you to recognize infarctions in arterial territories, in watershed regions and also venous infarctions. It also helps you to differentiate infarction from other pathology.

• CT in Abdominal Trauma

  This review is based on a presentation given by Stephen Ledbetter and was adapted for the Radiology Assistant by Robin Smithuis. Stephen Ledbetter is director of the emergency radiology department of the Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston, which is a teaching affiliate of the Harvard Medical School. This review will focus on the role of CT in...

• Prostate Anatomy

  MRI of the prostate has become increasingly popular with the use of multiparametric MRI and the PI-RADS classification.In this article we describe the MR anatomy of the prostate and regional lymph nodes.

• Transvaginal Ultrasound for Non-Gynaecological Conditions

  This is an overview of the use of Transvaginal Ultrasound (TVUS) for the diagnosis of various non-gynaecological conditions as they appear in the pelvic cavity.This pictorial essay is for gynaecologists who want to look beyond pathology of uterus and ovaries, and diagnose non-gynaecological conditions. Also included here is Deep Infiltrating Endometriosis...

• CT-pattern of Bowel wall thickening

  This article is based on a presentation given by Richad Gore and adapted for the Radiology Assistant by Robin Smithuis.Richard Gore is editor of the Textbook of Gastrointestinal Radiology, 3rd Edition and High Yield Imaging: Gastrointestinal.We will discuss a pattern approach to patients with bowel wall thickening with special attention to the...

• MRI traumatic changes

  This article is based on a presentation given by Mini Pathria and was adapted for the Radiology Assistant by Jennifer Bradshaw. In part I we will discuss MR features of various muscle injuries. In part II we will discuss non-traumatic muscle changes.

• Pathology of the Male Breast

  This review is based on a presentation given by Leonard Glassman and adapted for the Radiology Assistant by Robin Smithuis. We will discuss: Normal male mammogram Classic features of gynecomastia Lesions that require a biopsyby Leonard M. Glassman

• Coronary Artery Disease-Reporting and Data System 2.0

  CAD-RADS is the Coronary Artery Disease-Reporting and Data System.CAD-RADS is developed to standardize reporting of coronary CTA, to improve communication and to guide therapy. The original article was published in 2016 by the Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography (SCCT), the American College of Radiology (ACR) and the North American Society for...

• US-guided injection of joints

  This article describes the application of Ultrasound guidance for diagnostic and therapeutic joint injections.Ultrasound is a valuable alternative to procedures performed either blind or under fluoroscopic or CT guidance.

• Crohn's disease - role of MRI

  In this article we will discuss the MRI-features used to evaluate Crohn's disease of the small bowel and the colon.A systematic approach is presented to grade disease activity resulting in a simple classification of mild, moderate and severe disease. This is sufficient for most therapeutic decisions.

• Elbow fractures in Children

  Elbow fractures are the most common fractures in children. The assessment of the elbow can be difficult because of the changing anatomy of the growing skeleton and the subtility of some of these fractures. In this review important signs of fractures and dislocations of the elbow will be discussed. Before reading this article you can try one of the cases...

• Elbow fractures in Children.

  Elbow fractures are the most common fractures in children. The assessment of the elbow can be difficult because of the changing anatomy of the growing skeleton and the subtility of some of these fractures. In this review important signs of fractures and dislocations of the elbow will be discussed. Before reading this article you can try one of the cases...

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• Stress fractures

  One of the most common injuries in sports is the stress fracture. In this review we will discuss:Clinical and imaging features of stress fracturesCommon locations of stress fractures.

• Ovarian cystic lesions

  In this review the imaging features of normal ovaries and the most common ovarian cystic masses are presented. In Ovarian Cystic Masses Part I a roadmap for the diagnostic workup and management of ovarian cystic masses is presented based on the findings of ultrasound and MRI. Images can be enlarged by clicking on them. On the iPhone application...

• How to Differentiate Carotid Obstructions

  In patients with an acute stroke and an intracranial large vessel occlusion, we need to know if there is carotid pathology and if so what kind of pathology we are dealing with. This is important for procedural planning and the technical execution of endovascular treatment. Furthermore, carotid artery pathology determines secondary profylaxis with either...

• MRI examination of the Elbow

  This review is dased on a presentation given by Mark Anderson and adapted for the Radiology Assistant by Robin Smithuis.We will discuss:Basic MR techniques and MR arthrography.Appearance of normal anatomic structures.Common types of pathology.

• COVID-19 CO-RADS classification

  The CO-RADS classification is a standardized reporting system for patients with suspected COVID-19 infection developed for a moderate to high prevalence setting.This is a proposed classification system for radiologists in the Netherlands and still work in progress.Press ctrl+ for larger images and text on a PC or ⌘+ on a Mac.This can...

• Fractures

  Fractures of the distal radius account for one-sixth of all fractures seen in the emergency department. The radiologist must possess an understanding of the factors that alter clinical decision making and patient treatment. In this review we will discuss:Importance of standard radiography of the wristProper description of fractures with knowledge of...

• Sclerotic bone tumors

  In the article Bone Tumors - Differential diagnosis we discussed a systematic approach to the differential diagnosis of bone tumors and tumor-like lesions. The differential diagnosis mostly depends on the age of the patient and the findings on the conventional radiographs. In this article we will discuss the differential diagnosis of sclerotic bone tumors...

• Neonatal Brain US

  Cranial sonography (US) is the most widely used neuroimaging procedure in premature infants. US helps in assessing the neurologic status of the child, since clinical examination and symptoms are often nonspecific. It gives information about immediate and long term prognosis.by Erik Beek and Floris Groenendaal

•  Trigeminal neuralgia

  Trigeminal neuralgia is a  disorder characterized by recurrent unilateral brief electric shock-like pains, abrupt in onset and termination, limited to the distribution of one or more divisions of the trigeminal nerve.Several conditions may cause trigeminal neuralgia, but the most common cause is neurovascular compression.In this article we will...

• Ankle Fracture Mechanism and Radiography

  The ankle is the most frequently injured joint. Management decisions are based on the interpretation of the AP and lateral X-rays. In this article we will focus on: Trauma mechanism of ankle injuries Ottawa ankle rules Proper positioning of the ankle for radiography

• Contrast-enhanced MRA of peripheral vessels

  Contrast-enhanced MR angiography (CE-MRA) is more sensitive and specific for diagnosis and preinterventional work-up of Periferal Arterial Disease (PAD) compared to Duplex (1). CE-MRA detects more patent arteries than IA-DSA in patients with chronic critical ischemia and can modify the choice of therapeutic strategy in these patients (2). It is important...

• Dynamic Rectal examination

  Dynamic rectal examination (DRE) is also known as defecography or proctography. DRE provides a dynamic assessment of the act of defecation by recording the rectal expulsion of a barium paste that approximates the consistency of feces. DRE provides qualitative and quantitative information on the function of anorectal and pelvic floor function, and the...

• Bone tumor A-G

  In the article Bone Tumors - Differential diagnosis we discussed a systematic approach to the differential diagnosis of bone tumors and tumor-like lesions. In this article, which is the first in a series of three, we will discuss the most common bone tumors and tumor-like lesions in alphabethic order. Our goal is to show many cases in order to make you...